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An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft with no onboard pilot. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems. UAVs are currently used in a number of military roles, including reconnaissance and attack. They are also used in a small but growing number of civil applications such as firefighting where a human observer would be at risk, police observation of civil disturbances and scenes of crimes, and reconnaissance support in natural disasters.

There are a wide variety UAV shapes, sizes, configurations, and characteristics. For the purposes of this article, and to distinguish UAVs from missiles, a UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet engine or reciprocating engine. Cruise missiles are not classed as UAVs, because, like many other guided missiles, the vehicle itself is a weapon that is not reused even though it is also unmanned and might in some cases be remotely guided.

The acronym UAV has been expanded in some cases to UAVS (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle System). The Federal Aviation Administration has adopted the generic class Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) originally introduced by the United States Navy to reflect the fact that these are not just aircraft, but systems including ground stations and other elements.

History The earliest UAV was Archibald Low's "Aerial Target" of 1916.Taylor, A. J. P. Jane's Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles. A number of remote-controlled airplane advances followed, including the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, during and after World War I, including the first scale RPV, developed by film star and model airplane enthusiast Reginald Denny in 1935.Taylor, A. J. P. Jane's Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles. More were made in the technology rush during the World War II; these were used both to train anti-aircraft gunners and to fly attack missions. Jet engines were applied after WW2, in such types as the Teledyne Ryan Ryan Firebee of 1951, while companies like Beechcraft also got in the game with their Model 1001 for the United States Navy in 1955.Taylor, A. J. P. Jane's Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles. Nevertheless, they were little more than remote controlled airplanes until the Vietnam Era.



With the maturing and miniaturization of applicable technologies as seen in the 1980s and 1990s, interest in UAVs grew within the higher echelons of the US military. UAVs were seen to offer the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting machines that can be used without risk to aircrews. Initial generations were primarily surveillance aircraft, but some were fitted with weaponry (such as the MQ-1 Predator, which utilized AGM-114 Hellfire air-to-ground missiles). An armed UAV is known as an Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV).

In the future, it is expected more and more roles will be performed by unmanned aircraft. Bomber and Ground attack aircraft will be added to the surveillance role. Air-to-air combat will likely be the last domain of the human fighter ace. Search and rescue could be performed by UAVs with heat sensors to help find humans lost in the wilderness, trapped in collapsed buildings, or adrift at sea.

UAV classification UAV of the German ArmyUAVs typically fall into one of six functional categories (although multi-role airframe platforms are becoming more prevalent):



They can also be categorised in terms of range/altitude and the following has been advanced as relevant at such industry events as ParcAberporth Unmanned Systems forum.


The U.S. Military employs a U.S. Military UAV tier system for categorizing its UAVs.

U.S. Military UAV classifications The modern concept of U.S. Military UAVs is to have the various aircraft systems work together in support of personnel on the ground. The integration scheme is described in terms of a "Tier" system, and is used by military planners to designate the various individual aircraft elements in an overall usage plan for integrated operations. The Tiers do not refer to specific models of aircraft, but rather roles for which various models and their manufacturers competed. The U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Marine Corps each has its own tier system, and the two systems are themselves not integrated.

US Air Force tiers

US Marine Corp tiers

US Army tiers

Future Combat Systems (FCS) (US Army) classes

Unmanned Aircraft System UAS, or Unmanned Aircraft System, is the official U.S. Department of Defense term for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The term was first officially used in the DoD 2005 Unmanned Aircraft System Roadmap 2005–2030.http://www.acq.osd.mil/usd/Roadmap%20Final2.pdf#search=%22Dod%20UAS%20Roadmap%202005%22 Many people have mistakenly used the term Unmanned 'Aerial' System, or Unmanned 'Air Vehicle' System.

Officially, the term 'Unmanned Aerial Vehicle' was changed to 'Unmanned Aircraft System' to reflect the fact that these complex systems include ground stations and other elements besides the actual air vehicles. The term UAS, however, is not widely used, as the term UAV has become part of the modern lexicon.

The military role of UAS is growing at unprecedented rates. In 2005, tactical and theater level unmanned aircraft (UA) alone had flown over 100,000 flight hours in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Rapid advances in technology are enabling more and more capability to be placed on smaller airframes which is spurring a large increase in the number of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (SUAS) being deployed on the battlefield. The use of SUAS in combat is so new that no formal DoD wide reporting procedures have been established to track SUAS flight hours. As the capabilities grow for all types of UAS, nations continue to subsidize their research and development leading to further advances enabling them to perform a multitude of missions. UAS no longer only perform intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions, although this still remains their predominant type. Their roles have expanded to areas including electronic attack (EA), strike missions, suppression and/or destruction of enemy air defense (SEAD/DEAD), network node or communications relay, search and rescue (CSAR), and derivations of these themes. These UAS range in cost from a few thousand dollars to tens of millions of dollars, and the aircraft used in these systems range in size from a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) weighing less than one pound to large aircraft weighing over 40,000 pounds.

UAV functions UAVs perform a wide variety of functions. The majority of these functions are some form of remote sensing. Less common UAV functions include interaction and transport. To create viable new UAV systems, these functions are integrated to allow the UAV to perform complex tasks within its given application. Remote Sensing UAV remote sensing functions include electromagnetic spectrum sensors, biological sensors, and chemical sensors. A UAV's electromagnetic sensors typically include visual spectrum, infrared, or near infrared cameras as well as radar systems. Other electromagnetic wave detectors such as microwave and ultraviolet spectrum sensors may also be used, but are uncommon. Biological sensors are sensors capable of detecting the airborne presence of various microorganisms and other biological factors. Chemical sensors use Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to analyze the concentrations of each Chemical element in the air. Interaction UAV interaction functions intentionally alter the UAV's environment in some way. These functions include attacking, taking samples, delivering a payload, and repairing a given structure. Transport UAVs can transport goods using various means based on the configuration of the UAV itself. Most payloads are stored in an internal payload bay somewhere in the airframe. For many helicopter configurations, external payloads can be tethered to the bottom of the airframe. With Fixed-wing aircraft UAVs, payloads can also be attached to the airframe, but aerodynamics of the aircraft with the payload must be assessed. For such situations, payloads are often enclosed in aerodynamic pods for transport.

Scientific ResearchUnmanned aircraft are uniquely capable of penetrating areas which may be too dangerous for piloted craft. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) began utilizing the Aerosonde® unmanned aircraft system in 2006 as a hurricane hunter. AAI Corporation subsidiary Aerosonde Pty Ltd. of Victoria, Australia, designs and manufactures the 35-pound system, which can fly into a hurricane and communicate near real-time data directly to the National Hurricane Center in Florida. Beyond the standard barometric pressure and temperature data typically cultivated from manned hurricane hunters, the Aerosonde system provides measurements far closer to the water’s surface than previously captured. Further applications for unmanned aircraft can be explored once solutions have been developed for their accommodation within national airspace, an issue currently under discussion by the Federal Aviation Administration.

Design and development considerations UAV design and production is a global activity, with manufacturers all across the world. The United States and Israel were initial pioneers in this technology, and U.S. manufacturers have a market share of over 60% in 2006, with U.S. market share due to increase by 5-10% through 2016."UAVs on the Rise." Dickerson, L. Aviation Week & Space Technology. January 15, 2007. Northrop Grumman and General Atomics are the dominant manufacturers in this industry, on the strength of the Global Hawk and Predator/Mariner systems. Israeli and European manufacturers form a second tier due to lower indigenous investments, and the governments of those nations have initiatives to acquire U.S. systems due to higher levels of capability. European market share represented just 4% of global revenue in 2006.

Degree of autonomy

Some early UAVs are called drones because they are no more sophisticated than a simple radio controlled aircraft being controlled by a human pilot (sometimes called the operator) at all times. More sophisticated versions may have built-in control and/or guidance systems to perform low level human pilot duties such as speed and flight path stabilization, and simple prescripted navigation functions such as waypoint following.

From this perspective, most early UAVs are not autonomous at all. In fact, the field of air vehicle autonomy is a recently emerging field, whose economics is largely driven by the military to develop battle ready technology. Compared to the manufacturing of UAV flight hardware, the market for autonomy technology is fairly immature and undeveloped. Because of this, autonomy has been and may continue to be the bottleneck for future UAV developments, and the overall value and rate of expansion of the future UAV market could be largely driven by advances to be made in the field of autonomy.

Autonomy technology that is important to UAV development falls under the following categories:



Autonomy is commonly defined as the ability to make decisions without human intervention. To that end, the goal of autonomy is to teach machines to be "smart" and act more like humans. The keen observer may associate this with the development in the field of artificial intelligence made popular in the 1980s and 1990s such as expert systems, neural networks, machine learning, natural language processing, and vision. However, the mode of technological development in the field of autonomy has mostly followed a bottom-up approach, and recent advances have been largely driven by the practitioners in the field of Control (science), not computer science. Similarly, autonomy has been and probably will continue to be considered an extension of the controls field.

To some extent, the ultimate goal in the development of autonomy technology is to replace the human pilot. It remains to be seen whether future developments of autonomy technology, the perception of the technology, and most importantly, the political climate surrounding the use of such technology, will limit the development and utility of autonomy for UAV applications.

Interoperable UAV technologies became essential as systems proved their mettle in military operations, taking on tasks too challenging or dangerous for warfighters. NATO addressed the need for commonality through STANAG (Standardization Agreement) 4586. According to a NATO press release, the agreement began the ratification process in 1992. Its goal was to allow allied nations to easily share information obtained from unmanned aircraft through common ground control station technology. STANAG 4586-compliant aircraft are equipped to translate information into standardized message formats; likewise, information received from other compliant aircraft can be transferred into vehicle-specific messaging formats for seamless interoperability. Amendments have since been made to the original agreement, based on expert feedback from the field and an industry panel known as the Custodian Support Team. Edition Two of STANAG 4586 is currently under review. There are many systems available today that comply with STANAG 4586, including products by industry leaders such as AAI Corporation, CDL Systems, and Raytheon, all three of which are members of the Custodian Support Team for this protocol.

Endurance Because UAVs are not burdened with the physiological limitations of human pilots, they can be designed for maximized on-station times. The maximum flight duration of unmanned aerial vehicles varies widely. Internal combustion engine aircraft endurance depends strongly on the percentage of fuel burned as a fraction of total weight (the Louis Charles Breguet endurance equation), and so is largely independent of aircraft size. Solar electric UAVs hold the potential for unlimited flight, a concept championed by the Helios Prototype, which unfortunately was destroyed in a 2003 crash. One of the major problems with UAVs currently is that there is no capability for in flight refuelling. Currently the US Air Force is promoting research that should end in an inflight UAV refueling capability, which should be available by 2009.

{] || 58 hours, 11 minutes || ? || The aircraft is currently in the Hiller Aviation Museum, CA. Hiller Aviation Museum reference to the flight] || 54 hours || September 2007 || QinetiQ press release

New Scientist article|-| IAI Heron ] || 40 hours, 5 minutes || ? || UAV Forum reference Federation of American Scientists reference|-| GNAT-750 ] || 38 hours, 48 minutes || May 3, 2006 || Aerosonde release on the flight|-| I-GNAT || 38 hours, landed with 10 hour reserve || ? || General Atomics reference to the flight|-| RQ-4 Global Hawk ] (Turkish Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) || 24 hours|| Prototypes: 24 December 2004 Serial Production: To be complete by 2010 || TIHA Program Turkish Aerospace Industries UAV Products|-|}

Existing UAV systems UAVs have been developed and deployed by many countries around the world. For a list of models by country, see List of unmanned aerial vehicles.

Trivia

References See also

External links

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft with no onboard pilot. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems. UAVs are currently used in a number of military roles, including reconnaissance and attack. They are also used in a small but growing number of civil applications such as firefighting where a human observer would be at risk, police observation of civil disturbances and scenes of crimes, and reconnaissance support in natural disasters.

There are a wide variety UAV shapes, sizes, configurations, and characteristics. For the purposes of this article, and to distinguish UAVs from missiles, a UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet engine or reciprocating engine. Cruise missiles are not classed as UAVs, because, like many other guided missiles, the vehicle itself is a weapon that is not reused even though it is also unmanned and might in some cases be remotely guided.

The acronym UAV has been expanded in some cases to UAVS (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle System). The Federal Aviation Administration has adopted the generic class Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) originally introduced by the United States Navy to reflect the fact that these are not just aircraft, but systems including ground stations and other elements.

History The earliest UAV was Archibald Low's "Aerial Target" of 1916.Taylor, A. J. P. Jane's Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles. A number of remote-controlled airplane advances followed, including the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, during and after World War I, including the first scale RPV, developed by film star and model airplane enthusiast Reginald Denny in 1935.Taylor, A. J. P. Jane's Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles. More were made in the technology rush during the World War II; these were used both to train anti-aircraft gunners and to fly attack missions. Jet engines were applied after WW2, in such types as the Teledyne Ryan Ryan Firebee of 1951, while companies like Beechcraft also got in the game with their Model 1001 for the United States Navy in 1955.Taylor, A. J. P. Jane's Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles. Nevertheless, they were little more than remote controlled airplanes until the Vietnam Era.



With the maturing and miniaturization of applicable technologies as seen in the 1980s and 1990s, interest in UAVs grew within the higher echelons of the US military. UAVs were seen to offer the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting machines that can be used without risk to aircrews. Initial generations were primarily surveillance aircraft, but some were fitted with weaponry (such as the MQ-1 Predator, which utilized AGM-114 Hellfire air-to-ground missiles). An armed UAV is known as an Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV).

In the future, it is expected more and more roles will be performed by unmanned aircraft. Bomber and Ground attack aircraft will be added to the surveillance role. Air-to-air combat will likely be the last domain of the human fighter ace. Search and rescue could be performed by UAVs with heat sensors to help find humans lost in the wilderness, trapped in collapsed buildings, or adrift at sea.

UAV classification UAV of the German ArmyUAVs typically fall into one of six functional categories (although multi-role airframe platforms are becoming more prevalent):



They can also be categorised in terms of range/altitude and the following has been advanced as relevant at such industry events as ParcAberporth Unmanned Systems forum.


The U.S. Military employs a U.S. Military UAV tier system for categorizing its UAVs.

U.S. Military UAV classifications The modern concept of U.S. Military UAVs is to have the various aircraft systems work together in support of personnel on the ground. The integration scheme is described in terms of a "Tier" system, and is used by military planners to designate the various individual aircraft elements in an overall usage plan for integrated operations. The Tiers do not refer to specific models of aircraft, but rather roles for which various models and their manufacturers competed. The U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Marine Corps each has its own tier system, and the two systems are themselves not integrated.

US Air Force tiers

US Marine Corp tiers

US Army tiers

Future Combat Systems (FCS) (US Army) classes

Unmanned Aircraft System UAS, or Unmanned Aircraft System, is the official U.S. Department of Defense term for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The term was first officially used in the DoD 2005 Unmanned Aircraft System Roadmap 2005–2030.http://www.acq.osd.mil/usd/Roadmap%20Final2.pdf#search=%22Dod%20UAS%20Roadmap%202005%22 Many people have mistakenly used the term Unmanned 'Aerial' System, or Unmanned 'Air Vehicle' System.

Officially, the term 'Unmanned Aerial Vehicle' was changed to 'Unmanned Aircraft System' to reflect the fact that these complex systems include ground stations and other elements besides the actual air vehicles. The term UAS, however, is not widely used, as the term UAV has become part of the modern lexicon.

The military role of UAS is growing at unprecedented rates. In 2005, tactical and theater level unmanned aircraft (UA) alone had flown over 100,000 flight hours in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Rapid advances in technology are enabling more and more capability to be placed on smaller airframes which is spurring a large increase in the number of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (SUAS) being deployed on the battlefield. The use of SUAS in combat is so new that no formal DoD wide reporting procedures have been established to track SUAS flight hours. As the capabilities grow for all types of UAS, nations continue to subsidize their research and development leading to further advances enabling them to perform a multitude of missions. UAS no longer only perform intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions, although this still remains their predominant type. Their roles have expanded to areas including electronic attack (EA), strike missions, suppression and/or destruction of enemy air defense (SEAD/DEAD), network node or communications relay, search and rescue (CSAR), and derivations of these themes. These UAS range in cost from a few thousand dollars to tens of millions of dollars, and the aircraft used in these systems range in size from a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) weighing less than one pound to large aircraft weighing over 40,000 pounds.

UAV functions UAVs perform a wide variety of functions. The majority of these functions are some form of remote sensing. Less common UAV functions include interaction and transport. To create viable new UAV systems, these functions are integrated to allow the UAV to perform complex tasks within its given application. Remote Sensing UAV remote sensing functions include electromagnetic spectrum sensors, biological sensors, and chemical sensors. A UAV's electromagnetic sensors typically include visual spectrum, infrared, or near infrared cameras as well as radar systems. Other electromagnetic wave detectors such as microwave and ultraviolet spectrum sensors may also be used, but are uncommon. Biological sensors are sensors capable of detecting the airborne presence of various microorganisms and other biological factors. Chemical sensors use Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to analyze the concentrations of each Chemical element in the air. Interaction UAV interaction functions intentionally alter the UAV's environment in some way. These functions include attacking, taking samples, delivering a payload, and repairing a given structure. Transport UAVs can transport goods using various means based on the configuration of the UAV itself. Most payloads are stored in an internal payload bay somewhere in the airframe. For many helicopter configurations, external payloads can be tethered to the bottom of the airframe. With Fixed-wing aircraft UAVs, payloads can also be attached to the airframe, but aerodynamics of the aircraft with the payload must be assessed. For such situations, payloads are often enclosed in aerodynamic pods for transport.

Scientific ResearchUnmanned aircraft are uniquely capable of penetrating areas which may be too dangerous for piloted craft. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) began utilizing the Aerosonde® unmanned aircraft system in 2006 as a hurricane hunter. AAI Corporation subsidiary Aerosonde Pty Ltd. of Victoria, Australia, designs and manufactures the 35-pound system, which can fly into a hurricane and communicate near real-time data directly to the National Hurricane Center in Florida. Beyond the standard barometric pressure and temperature data typically cultivated from manned hurricane hunters, the Aerosonde system provides measurements far closer to the water’s surface than previously captured. Further applications for unmanned aircraft can be explored once solutions have been developed for their accommodation within national airspace, an issue currently under discussion by the Federal Aviation Administration.

Design and development considerations UAV design and production is a global activity, with manufacturers all across the world. The United States and Israel were initial pioneers in this technology, and U.S. manufacturers have a market share of over 60% in 2006, with U.S. market share due to increase by 5-10% through 2016."UAVs on the Rise." Dickerson, L. Aviation Week & Space Technology. January 15, 2007. Northrop Grumman and General Atomics are the dominant manufacturers in this industry, on the strength of the Global Hawk and Predator/Mariner systems. Israeli and European manufacturers form a second tier due to lower indigenous investments, and the governments of those nations have initiatives to acquire U.S. systems due to higher levels of capability. European market share represented just 4% of global revenue in 2006.

Degree of autonomy

Some early UAVs are called drones because they are no more sophisticated than a simple radio controlled aircraft being controlled by a human pilot (sometimes called the operator) at all times. More sophisticated versions may have built-in control and/or guidance systems to perform low level human pilot duties such as speed and flight path stabilization, and simple prescripted navigation functions such as waypoint following.

From this perspective, most early UAVs are not autonomous at all. In fact, the field of air vehicle autonomy is a recently emerging field, whose economics is largely driven by the military to develop battle ready technology. Compared to the manufacturing of UAV flight hardware, the market for autonomy technology is fairly immature and undeveloped. Because of this, autonomy has been and may continue to be the bottleneck for future UAV developments, and the overall value and rate of expansion of the future UAV market could be largely driven by advances to be made in the field of autonomy.

Autonomy technology that is important to UAV development falls under the following categories:



Autonomy is commonly defined as the ability to make decisions without human intervention. To that end, the goal of autonomy is to teach machines to be "smart" and act more like humans. The keen observer may associate this with the development in the field of artificial intelligence made popular in the 1980s and 1990s such as expert systems, neural networks, machine learning, natural language processing, and vision. However, the mode of technological development in the field of autonomy has mostly followed a bottom-up approach, and recent advances have been largely driven by the practitioners in the field of Control (science), not computer science. Similarly, autonomy has been and probably will continue to be considered an extension of the controls field.

To some extent, the ultimate goal in the development of autonomy technology is to replace the human pilot. It remains to be seen whether future developments of autonomy technology, the perception of the technology, and most importantly, the political climate surrounding the use of such technology, will limit the development and utility of autonomy for UAV applications.

Interoperable UAV technologies became essential as systems proved their mettle in military operations, taking on tasks too challenging or dangerous for warfighters. NATO addressed the need for commonality through STANAG (Standardization Agreement) 4586. According to a NATO press release, the agreement began the ratification process in 1992. Its goal was to allow allied nations to easily share information obtained from unmanned aircraft through common ground control station technology. STANAG 4586-compliant aircraft are equipped to translate information into standardized message formats; likewise, information received from other compliant aircraft can be transferred into vehicle-specific messaging formats for seamless interoperability. Amendments have since been made to the original agreement, based on expert feedback from the field and an industry panel known as the Custodian Support Team. Edition Two of STANAG 4586 is currently under review. There are many systems available today that comply with STANAG 4586, including products by industry leaders such as AAI Corporation, CDL Systems, and Raytheon, all three of which are members of the Custodian Support Team for this protocol.

Endurance Because UAVs are not burdened with the physiological limitations of human pilots, they can be designed for maximized on-station times. The maximum flight duration of unmanned aerial vehicles varies widely. Internal combustion engine aircraft endurance depends strongly on the percentage of fuel burned as a fraction of total weight (the Louis Charles Breguet endurance equation), and so is largely independent of aircraft size. Solar electric UAVs hold the potential for unlimited flight, a concept championed by the Helios Prototype, which unfortunately was destroyed in a 2003 crash. One of the major problems with UAVs currently is that there is no capability for in flight refuelling. Currently the US Air Force is promoting research that should end in an inflight UAV refueling capability, which should be available by 2009.

{] || 58 hours, 11 minutes || ? || The aircraft is currently in the Hiller Aviation Museum, CA. Hiller Aviation Museum reference to the flight] || 54 hours || September 2007 || QinetiQ press release

New Scientist article|-| IAI Heron ] || 40 hours, 5 minutes || ? || UAV Forum reference Federation of American Scientists reference|-| GNAT-750 ] || 38 hours, 48 minutes || May 3, 2006 || Aerosonde release on the flight|-| I-GNAT || 38 hours, landed with 10 hour reserve || ? || General Atomics reference to the flight|-| RQ-4 Global Hawk ] (Turkish Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) || 24 hours|| Prototypes: 24 December 2004 Serial Production: To be complete by 2010 || TIHA Program Turkish Aerospace Industries UAV Products|-|}

Existing UAV systems UAVs have been developed and deployed by many countries around the world. For a list of models by country, see List of unmanned aerial vehicles.

Trivia

References See also

External links



RAF - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
UAV's within the Royal Air Force ... Unmanned air vehicles are growing in importance and the RAF formed 39 Sqn at Creech Air Force Base in Nevada two years ago to operate US-owned ...

RAF - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Royal Air Force (RAF) - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ... Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Unmanned air vehicles are growing in importance and the RAF formed 39 Sqn at Creech Air Force Base ...

Unmanned aerial vehicle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an unpiloted aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation ...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
About all things related to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drones, micro aircraft and remote controlled aircraft .

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - The IET
About this event. A short review of the key elements of an Unmanned Air System, followed by a description of the different types of air vehicles, payload combinations, operating ...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems Association Welcome
Welcome to the UAVS. The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems Association (UAVS) is one of the longest established trade associations in the world dedicated specifically to the future ...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 2008 - SMi Group - Event Details - Overview
The aim of The SMi Group is linking business with information through the delivery of high quality business information services. The SMi Group is a world leader in business to ...

The Future of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - SMi Group - Event Details ...
The aim of The SMi Group is linking business with information through the delivery of high quality business information services. The SMi Group is a world leader in business to ...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) - BAE Systems
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are the latest generation of pilot-less aircraft and are used for attack, reconnaissance and civil patrol missions.

ETH - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - Welcome
ETH Zuerich ... Welcome to the homepage of the UAV group within the Measurement and Control Laboratory.

 

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle



 
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